An Exploration of Tibetan Tantric Buddhism and its Art
نویسنده
چکیده
.................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements ....................................................................... 6 Preface ...................................................................................... 7 I. Outline of the Research ........................................................... 7 II. Overview of the Thesis ......................................................... 10 III. Theoretical Approaches ......................................................... 12 Introduction Tantric Buddhism: An Alternative Path to Enlightenment ......... 19 I. The ‘Elusive Image’ of Tantric Buddhism ................................................ 19 II. The Terminology of Tantric Buddhism ................................................... 20 III. The Indian Prelude of Tantric Buddhism ................................................. 24 (i) Primitive Buddhism ..................................................................... 25 (ii) Nikaya Buddhism ......................................................................... 28 (iii) Mahayana Buddhism .................................................................... 28 IV. Tantric Buddhism ..................................................................................... 29 (i) The Origins of Tantric Buddhism ................................................ 30 (ii) Cultural Background of the Indian Tantric Movement ................ 30 (iii) Three Stages of the Evolution of Tantric Buddhism .................... 32 (iv) The Differences and the Interface between Tantric Buddhism and Other Buddhist Traditions ............................................................ 34 (v) The Significance of Visualisation in Tantric Buddhist Meditation ............................................................... 35 V. Conclusion ........................................................................ 44 1 A Brief History of the Tibetan Tantric Buddhist Art Tradition: Interwoven with the Buddhist Establishment and Development in Tibet ........................ 46 I. Historical Divisions of Tibetan Tantric Buddhism ........................... 47 II. Two Ways of Perceiving the Developmental Stages of Tibetan Tantric Buddhist Art in Relation to Tibetan History ........................................... 50 III. A Brief History of Tibetan Tantric Buddhist Art ..................................... 54 (i) The Initial Establishment of Buddhism in Tibet .......................... 54 (ii) The Age of Fragmentation of Tibetan Buddhism ........................ 62 (iii) The Second Dissemination of Tibetan Buddhism ....................... 63 (iv) The Golden Age of Tibetan Buddhism ........................................ 77 IV. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 80 2 Technical Notes on Tibetan Tantric Art: Artistic Heritage and Traditional Techniques .................................................................................................... 81 I. The Traditional Artistic Wealth in Tibet .................................................. 81 II. The Superior Importance of Painting in Tibetan Arts ............................. 84 III. The Originality of Tibetan Traditional Paintings .....................................84 IV. Theory and Practice in Tibetan Tantric Painting ..................................... 89 (i) Tibetan Traditional Theories on Buddhist Image-making ........... 89
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